Terjemahan bahasa Inggris Undang-Undang 43 Tahun 2009 tentang Kearsipan

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LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

NUMBER 43 OF 2009

ON

RECORDS AND ARCHIVES ADMINISTRATION

BY THE GRACE OF ALMIGHTY GOD

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA,

Considering: a. that in order to defend the Unitary Republic of Indonesia and achieve the national goals as stated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, records and archives as the national identity and character, as well as the memory, reference, and material for accountability in the life of the community, nation, and state shall be administered and preserved by the state;

b.  that in order to maintain the availability of authentic and reliable records and archives, to ensure the protection of the national interests and the people’s civil rights, and to keep updated records and archives administration systems, it is necessary to establish records and archives administration systems in accordance with the principles, rules, and standards as required by the implementation of a reliable national records and archives administration system;

c.  that in order to face the challenges of globalization and to support the establishment of the state administration and in particular, a good and clean governance, as well as improving the quality of public services, the administration of records and archives in state institutions, local governments, education institutions, companies, political organizations, social organizations, and individuals shall be carried out under a national administration system for records and archives which is comprehensive and integrated;

d.  that the provisions and regulations with regard to records and archives administration are still partial and dispersed in various

laws and regulations, so it is necessary to address this matter comprehensively in a separate law;

e.  that the current national records and archives administration is not integrated, systematic, or comprehensive partly as a result of limited and narrow understanding and interpretation of records and archives among various groups of people, including among the state administrating institutions;

f. that Law No. 7 of 1971 concerning Basic Provisions of Records and Archives Administration needs to be adapted to the current development and needs of the society, nation and state which are affected by global and national development challenges as well as the development of information and communication technology;

g.  that based on the considerations as referred to in letters a through f, it is necessary to adopt the Law of the Republic of Indonesia on Records and Archives Administration;

Observing: Article 5 paragraph (1), Article 20, and Article 28F of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia;

In Joint Approval

OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

and

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

HAVE DECIDED:

To pass: THE LAW ON RECORDS AND ARCHIVES ADMINISTRATION

CHAPTER I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1

In this Law:

1.     Archives and Records Administration shall mean any matters relating to records and archives.

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2.     Archives/records shall mean records of activities or events in a variety of forms and media in accordance with the development of information and communication technology which are made and received by state institutions, local governments, education institutions, companies, political organizations, social organizations, and individuals as part of the community, nation, and state.

3.     Records (arsip dinamis) shall mean records that are used directly for the activities of the creators of the records and stored for a certain period.

4.     Vital records shall mean records that are basic requirements to continue the operations of the creators of the records, and which are non-renewable and irreplaceable if damaged or lost.

5.     Current records (arsip aktif) shall mean records which are very frequently and continuously used.

6.     Non-current records (arsip inaktif) shall mean records that are less frequently used.

7.     Archives (arsip statis) shall mean archives generated by the creators because they have historical value, have exhausted their retention, and are marked permanent and verified either directly or indirectly by the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia and / or archival institutions.

8.     Protected records and archives shall mean state records and archives relating to the existence and survival of the nation and the state and the integrity, security, and safety of which need to be protected.

9.     Public records shall mean records which are not included in the category of protected records.

10.  Archivist shall mean a person who has the competence in the records and archives administration acquired through formal education and / or education and training thereon and has the functions, duties, and responsibilities of conducting records and archives administration.

11.  Access to records/archives shall mean the availability of records/archives under legal authority and authorization as well as the availability of facilities to easily retrieve and use the records/archives.

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12.  Archival institution shall mean an institution that has the functions, duties, and responsibilities in managing archives and maintaining development in the administration  of  records and archives.

13.  A state institution shall mean any institution that functions as a branch of the state power namely the executive, legislative, and judicial institutions, and other institutions whose functions and main tasks are related to the state administration in accordance with the provisions of the laws and regulations.

14.  The National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia hereinafter referred to as ANRI shall mean a non-ministerial government institution which carries out the government’s tasks in administering records and archives, located in the state capital.

15.  The Provincial archives  shall mean an archival institution in the form of a line agency that carries out the government’s tasks in administering the provincial government’s records and archives, located in the capital of the province.

16.  Municipalities/Cities archives shall mean an archival institution in the form of a line agency that carries out the government’s tasks in administering the municipalities/city governments’ records and archives, located in the capital of the municipalities/city.

17.  The university archives unit shall mean an archival unit in both state and private universities which performs the function and duty of records and archives administration in the university.

18.  A company shall mean a legal entity which carries out activities with the purpose of gaining profit and is established and / or domiciled in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia.

19.  A record creator shall mean a person or entity that is independent and authorized to perform the functions, duties, and responsibilities in managing records.

20.  A processing unit shall mean a unit under the records creator with the duty and responsibility in processing the production of the records in its organization.

21.  A records unit shall mean a work unit of the records creator with the duty and responsibility to administer records.

22.  Records (Retention) Schedule hereinafter referred to as RRS shall mean a list which contains at least the retention period, types of records, and information on

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the recommendation to decide the type of records to be disposed, re-appraise, or made permanent, for use as a guideline in reducing and salvaging the records.

23.  Records disposal shall mean the activity to reduce the volume of records by transfering non-current records from the processing unit to the records unit, destroying records that have no value, and transferring archives to the archival institutions.

24.  Records and archives administration shall mean all activities including policy, guidance and management of records and archives in a national records and archives system that are supported by human resources, infrastructure and facilities, as well as other resources.

25.  Records management shall mean the process of controlling records efficiently, effectively, and systematically covering the creation, utilization, maintenance and disposition of records.

26.  Archives administration shall mean the process of controlling archives efficiently, effectively, and systematically which includes the acquisition, arrangement and description, preservation, utilization, and public service under a national records and archives system.

27.  Acquisition of archives shall mean the process of adding the collection of archives held in archival institutions by transferring archives and their management rights from the records creators to archival institutions.

28.  National records and archives system, hereinafter referred to as SKN (sistem kearsipan nasional), shall mean a system that establishes sustainable relationships between various components that have specific functions and tasks, interactions between actors and other elements that affect each other in the administration of records and archives at the national level.

29.  The Indonesian Archival Information system, hereinafter referred to as SIKN is the national records and archives information system maintained by ANRI which utilizes the Indonesian archival information network...

30.  The Indonesian Archival Information Network hereinafter referred to as JIKN is a system of network of information and records and archives facilities at the national level which is maintained by ANRI.

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31.  The accession register hereinafter abbreviated as DPA is a list of archives that have historical values which have been directly or indirectly verified by the archival institutions and are sought-after by archival institutions and announced to the public.

CHAPTER II

PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES, AND

SCOPE

Part One

Purpose and Objectives

Article 2

The purpose of this Law is to provide legal certainty in the national administration of records and archives.

Article 3

The objectives of the administration of records and archives are :

a.  to ensure the creation of records and archives from activities carried out by state agencies, local governments, education institutions, companies, political organizations, social organizations, and individuals, as well as by ANRI as the administrator of national records and archives;

b.    to ensure the availability of authentic and reliable records and archives as admissible evidence;

c.   to ensure the realization of reliable management and utilization of records and archives in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations;

d.   to ensure protection of the interests of the state and the civil rights of the people through the management and utilization of authentic and reliable records and archives;

e.     to galvanize the national administration of records and archives as a comprehensive and integrated system;

f.    to ensure the safety and security of records and archives as evidence of accountability to the society, nation and state;

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g.   to ensure the protection of national assets including economic, social, political, cultural, and defense assets, as well as security assets as the identity of the nation; and

h.   improve the quality of public service in managing and utilizing authentic and reliable records and archives.

Part Two

Principles

Article 4

The administration of records and archives shall be based on the principles of:

a.  legal certainty;

b.  authenticity and trustworthiness;

c.  integrity;

d.  principle of provenance;

e.  principle of original order;

f.  security and safety;

g.  professionalism;

h.  responsiveness;

i.  anticipation;

j.  participation;

k. accountability;

l.  expediency;

m.  accessibility; and

n.  public interest.

Part Three

Scope

Article 5

(1) The scope of the administration of records and archives shall include the establishment of policies, guidances and management of records and archives in a national records and archives system that are supported by human resources,

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infrastructure and facilities, as well as other resources in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations.

(2) The scope as referred to in paragraph (1) shall include the activities carried out by state agencies, local governments, educational institutions, companies, political organizations, social organizations, and individuals, and archival institutions.

CHAPTER III

ADMINISTRATION OF RECORDS AND ARCHIVES

Part One

General

Article 6

(1)   The national administration of records and archives shall be the responsibility of ANRI as the national administrator of records and archives.

(2)     The administration of records and archives of a province shall be the responsibility of the provincial government and carried out by the provincial archives.

(3)    The administration of records and archives of a municipality / city shall be the responsibility of the municipality / city government and carried out by the municipality / city archives.

(4)    The administration of records and archives of a university shall be the responsibility of the university and carried out by the university archives.

(5)   The responsibilities in the administration of the national records and archives as referred to in paragraph (1) shall include the establishment of policies, development and management of records and archives.

(6)   To enhance the quality of administration of archives at the national level as referred to in paragraph (1), the administrator of the national archives shall conduct research and development as well as providing education and training on administration of records and archives.

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Article 7

The establishment of policies on national records and archives referred to in Article 6, paragraph (5) shall include the areas of:

a.  development;

b.  management of records and archives;

c.  development of SKN and SIKN as well as establishment of JIKN;

d.  organization;

e.  human resources development;

f.  infrastructure and facilities;

g.  preservation and salvation of of records and archives;

h.  dissemination of information of records and archives;

i.  cooperation; and

j.  funding.

Article 8

(1)  Development in the administration of records and archives at the national level as referred to in Article 6 paragraph (5) shall be carried out by the national records and archives towards the records creators at the central and local level, the provincial archives, municipality/city archives, and university archives.

(2)  Development in the administration of records and archives at the provincial level shall be carried out by the provincial archives towards the records creators of the relevant provincial and municipality/city archives.

(3)   Development in the administration of records and archives at municipality/city level shall be carried out by the municipality/city archives  in the relevant municipality/city.

(4)  Development in the administration of records and archives at universities shall be carried out by a work unit and academia in the relevant university.

Article 9

(1)  The management of records and archives as referred to in Article 6 paragraph (5) shall be applied to records and archives.

(2)  The management of records as referred to in paragraph (1) shall include:

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a.  vital records;

b.  current records;

c.  non-current records.

(3)   Management of records as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be the responsibility of the records creator.

(4)  Management of archives as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be the responsibility of the archival institution.

Part Two

Development of SKN, Development of SIKN and Establishment of JIKN

Paragraph 1

Development of SKN

Article 10

(1)     The national archival institution shall be responsible for managing a comprehensive and integrated administration of records and archives through SKN as referred to in Article 7 letter c in order to maintain the authenticity and integrity of the records and archives.

(2)   SKN as referred to in paragraph (1) shall apply to the management of records and archives.

Article 11

SKN as referred to in Article 10 shall have the functions: whereabouts

a.   to identify records and archives which contain relevant information in all archival organizations;

b.  to link records and archives as integrated information; and

c.  to ensure the availability of authentic, complete, and reliable records and archives.

Paragraph 2

Development of SIKN

Article 12

(1) The national archival institution shall develop SIKN as referred to in Article 7 letter c to provide authentic and complete information in its effort to establish records and archives as the back bone in managing the state administration, as a collective

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memory of the nation, and  as the back bone in managing the state administration.

(2) In performing the functions of SIKN, the national archival institution shall establish the JIKN.

Article 13

SIKN as referred to in Article 12 shall have the functions to:

a.  attain records and archives management as the back bone in managing the state administration;

b.  ensure the accountability of managing the state administration;

c.  ensure that the use of information is only by authorized parties; and

d.   ensure the availability of records and archives as the collective memory of the nation.

Paragraph 3

Establishment of JIKN

Article 14

(1) JIKN as referred to in Article 7 letter c shall have the functions to:

a. enhance the access and quality of records and archives services for the community;

b. enhance the benefits from records and archives for the welfare of the people; and

 c. strengthen the community participation in managing records and archives .

(2) JIKN shall be implemented by ANRI as the center of the national network and provincial archives, municipality/city archives, and university archives as part of the network.

Article 15

Further provisions on SKN, SIKN, and JIKN as referred to in Article 10 through Article 14 shall be governed under stipulated of a government regulation.

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Part Three

Records and Archives Organizations

Article 16

(1) Archival organizations consist of records units of the records creator and the archival institution.

(2) A records unit as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be established by any state institutions, local governments, state universities, state-owned enterprises (BUMN), and local government owned enterprises (BUMD).

(3)  Archival institutions as referred to in paragraph (1)consist of:

a. ANRI;

b. provincial archives ;

c. municipality/city archives ; and

d. university archives units .

(4)   Provincial archives are mandatory to be established by the provincial government, the municipality/city archives are mandatory to be established by the municipality/city government, and the university archives units are mandatory to be established by the state universities.

Part Four

Records Units

Article 17

(1)  The records unit of the records creator as referred to in Article 16 paragraph (1) shall function in:

a. managing non-current records of the processing unit in the relevant organization;

b. managing and presenting records as information;

c. destroying and disposing records of the relevant organization;

d. transferring archives by the head of the records creator to an archival institution; and

e. developing and evaluating the administration of records and archives in the relevant organization.

(2)   A records unit of a state institution is positioned under the secretariat of each state institution in accordance with the organizational structure.

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(3) A records unit in a state institution as referred to in paragraph (2) shall function in:

a.  managing inactive records from the processing unit in the relevant organization;

b.  managing and presenting records as information within the framework of SKN and SIKN;;

c.  destroying and disposing records in the relevant organization;

d.  preparing the transfer of archives by the head of the records creator to ANRI; and

e.    supervision and evaluating the administration of records and archives in the relevant organization.

Article 18

(1)   A records unit in a state institution shall be under The Provincial and Minicipality/city unit (work unit) (satuan kerja perangkat daerah) and under the administrator of the local government.

(2)  A records unit as referred to in paragraph (1) shall have the duties:

a.   to manage non-current records from the processing unit in a work unit and under the administrator of local government;

b.   to destroy and dispose records of a work unit and of the administrator of local government;

c.  to prepare the transfer of archives by the work unit and the administrator of local government to local archives institutions; and

d.  to implement supervision and evaluation as part of administering the records and archives of the relevant organization.

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Penelitian tentang Arsip Personal, bagaimana cara menggunakan arsip personal sebagai sumber penelitian

“THE REAL ME” IN ARCHIVES:

Unraveling What is inside Personal Archives: to Preserve the Past for the Future

Rini Rusyeni

ABSTRACT

    

Godard Aren Johannes Hazeu (Advisor of Office of Native Affairs) was one of the most important advisors in the colonial government of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia in the period of 1811-1942). He was also well known as the most controversial advisor because many of his advices were considered as being too subjective and to be in favor with the natives. One of the most controversial cases of Hazeu was the Garut affairs (one of the region in West Java, Indonesia). When Garut was in tension in 1919, he was assigned to investigate the affairs by the government. However, his report of investigation was banned because the government concluded that it was too subjective. All of his reports, correspondences to the high officers and notes were completely recorded in the personal archives of Hazeu. How did Hazeu record, keep and picture the Garut affairs in his personal archives? Can we use his archives as a main source of research? These are the research questions which are going to be discussed in the paper. The paper unravels Garut affairs based on the records which are kept in the personal archives of Godard Aren Johannes Hazeu. This is a qualitative research by using literature and archival reviews which is based on the argument of Catherine Hobbs that personal archives do not only record the personal, private, inner life of the creator as an individual, but also there is a construction of perceptions and thoughts of the creators towards others. (Hobbs, 2001: 128-129).  The result of this research shows that the personal archives of Hazeu keep not only the records and detail information on Garut affairs, but also show his personal point of view and his perceptions on Garut affairs. In reading personal archives as a source of research, these kinds of matters play as both biases and reflections of the personal archives.

Keyword: Garut incident, Hazeu, personal archives, adviser, Office of Native Affairs

INTRODUCTION

Background

Archives are the memories of the past. Through archives we could share good and bad memories as a part of our history. In this paper I would like to discuss on Godard Aren Johannes Hazeu (Hazeu) and his memories which had been kept in his personal archives.

Archives are still holding its ‘traditional’ function to preserve information. But they are also sites of imagination, creativity, and production which provide various knowledge on how individuals and societies think about themselves, give a place where identities may be formed, technologies of rule perfected, and pasts convincingly revisited.(Blouin and Rosenberg (eds.), 2005:vii-viii).  As a site of information, personality and imagination of its creators, personal archives preserve a huge volume of individual point of view, thinking, and imagination. However, there is still few research that focuses on personal archives. Thus, based on this argument, I would like to investigate on the personal archives on how they were created, formed and produced.

For many experts and researchers, personal archives still become a secondary choice for any research and studies. The trio Dutch (Muller, Feith and Fruin, 1968:15) stated that official records are documents which are received or produced by administrative bodies or officials in their official capacity, documents received and produced by the members of the administrative bodies and private letters to the officials. It means that only the archives that were created by administrative bodies or officials that are eligible to be official archives. For the archives that are kept under the personal authorities are not considered as formal and official archives. Can we still use the personal archives as a source for a research? This is going to be elaborated in this research.

Godard Aren Johannes Hazeu was the second advisor for the Office of Native Affairs in the Nederlands East Indies for period 1906-1911 and 1916-1920. He was the successor of Snouck Hurgronje after he gave up his position in the Netherlands East Indies and returned to Netherlands in 1906. Among all of the advisors of the office of native affairs, Hazeu was the one who had to deal with the biggest challenges on Islamic affairs and at the height of ethical period (1901-1920). The office of native affairs under Hazeu was administratively transferred from Algemeene Secretarie (Ministry of State Secretariat during Indonesia still became a colony under Netherlands) to the Ministry of Education and Religion. (Regeringsalmanak van Nederlandsch Indie,1907). After the transfer, Hazeu gained unusual position within the colonial administration. On the one hand he exercised a direct influence on the highest authority in the colony, and on the other hand as the adviser of the office of native affairs, he had to stand outside the official hierarchy of the regional and local administration, and established a direct contact between the natives and central government in Batavia (L. de Hoop, 1992:6). This made him become the most important figure in the colonial government at that time.

The personal archives of archives of Hazeu contain the most complete activities and information on the colonial government in the period of twentieth century. It is very important for researchers and experts to know what really happened in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia) in the period of Twentieth Century. It was the period when Netherlands East Indies started to use “Bahasa Indonesia” (Indonesian language) as its language for communication. Moreover, it was the moment when the Indonesians started to form a political organization as a vehicle for them to fight against the colonialism. Therefore, the period of the Twentieth Century played the most important timeline to the road of independency of Indonesia as a nation. By understanding the personal archives of Hazeu, we can read the context and content of valuable information that might be useful in searching the path of the Independent of Indonesia.

Almost everyone, including an organization, a small and big one, keeps archives as a part of their life. The archives contain documentations from the past as a memory, proof and accountability of a person as a part of society and an organization’s existence. However, there is a big difference of the obligation in creating archives between a person and an organization. There is no direct obligation for a person to create and keep his/her archives as his/her personal collection. As for an organization, creating, keeping and preserving archives are a mandatory (Cox, Richard J, 2014:138). Due to the mandatory, the practice of archive creation, preservation and storage are mostly done in a very careful and standard manner. For the personal archives, however, there is no such standard on how the archives are kept and preserved. They exist only because the creator wants them to be there. The emotional and sentimental reasons usually the main point kept in personal archives (Cox, Richard J, 2014:143).

In the colonial period of the Netherlands East Indies, many of the high officials kept their own archives in their personal archives. These archives were kept by themselves without the authorization of the colonial government. The personal archive of Hazeu is one of the big collections of the personal archives which were created in the period of 20^th centuries in the Netherlands East Indies.  

The archives contain all records, reports and clippings of newspapers regarding all cases that were dealt by Hazeu. Every case was recorded in detail in the Archief Godard Arend Johannes Hazeu. There are 80 numbers of items of archives in the guide. Most of the archives are related to the roles of Hazeu as the advisor of the office of native affairs. The archives consist of copies of government documents with stamps and signatures from Hazeu himself and various officers vice versa when Hazeu served the Netherlands East Indies. There is no clear division on how the items in the guide were classified, but one thing which is obvious is that the items are the general themes of Hazeu’s works in period of 1899-1920.

Although Hazeu’s archives are kept under the personal records, the items of archives are mostly copies of the official records with stamps and signatures from the senders. The types of documents kept in the archives are geheim (confidential) and zeer geheim (extremely confidential). Most of the archives are letters of advices and recommendations. They served as secret documents of Hazeu in executing his tasks as the adviser of the office of native affairs.

Most of the archives contain surveillance reports, data, even sometimes insulting recommendations about the natives and the officers who involved in certain cases. These letters were functioned as official documents with numbers and dates. The reports and opinions are part of the advice from Hazeu and functioned as the attachments. These bundles are kept in an item list in the guide under the name of a case and the year when it occurred. The information, which was reported by Hazeu, was the personal information on certain names. These names were suspected to involve in certain crucial cases, including their families and relatives as well as their activities. Through the surveillance reports, the advisor recommended some actions for the governor general or for certain high-ranked officials. Many of surveillance documents are also the collections of news and articles from press which were published at that time.

During his carrier, Hazeu had important positions as the Adviseur van Inlandsche en Arabische Zaken (also known as the Inlandsche Zaken from 1907-1916), as Direkteur van het Departement voor Onderwijs en Eredienst (1912-1915), and lastly as Adviseur voor Inlandsche Zaken (also known as the office of native affairs) again (1916-1920) (Hoop, 1992:3). Thus, the archives in the collection are divided on these positions.

The personal archives of Hazeu are kept in the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (KITLV) in Leiden, Netherlands. We can see the list of the collection from the online guide which is published by the library of the University of Leiden. In the guide, there are small descriptions of the archives which are divided into several numbers of items. For the archives related to Hazeu’s position as Direkteur van het Departement voor Onderwijs en Eredienst, the inventory numbers are  H1083 26, 40, 49, 55, and 7 whereas the rest of the other items  are on related to the function as the advisor of the Inlandsche Zaken (office of native affairs).

Each of the items and sub items in the Hazeu’s archive is similar to what is presented in picture 2. They are divided into the general theme of Hazeu’s works and subdivided into several specific sub items that relate to the general theme with the details of page numbers on every page of documents.

 

Picture 2. The list of sub items of the personal archives of Hazeu  (KITLV, Invt Num. H.1083.59)

In this article, in order to see intensely of what have been kept by Hazeu in his personal archives, the archives on Garut affairs are used as the object of research. These personal archives of Hazeu are used as the primary sources in order to see and analyze how Hazeu recorded his archives on the conflict. Hazeu was a high officer of the colonial government who involved in many political and cultural policies. It would be very useful to analyze his archives in order to see his perspective on the works that he did. The Garut affair is chosen in this research because it was a catastrophe incident that happened in the early 20^th century. It attracted many researchers to discuss more on what really happened at that time. However, none of them used the personal archives of Hazeu as the main sources. Therefore, this research by using the personal archives of Hazeu, is expected to give different point of view on the case.

The archival approach is applied in order to analyze how the personal archives, as the source, record the incident. The theoretical framework that is used in this research:

Archives as “A Site of Personality”

Hazeu collected all his works and documents regarding his tasks and responsibilities as the government officers in his personal archives. Garut affair is one of the documents kept at his personal files. Catherine Hobbs argued that personal archives contain the documentation of individual lives and human personality (Hobbs, 2001:126). In his personal archives, Hazeu put his works, experiences, feelings to show the readers his personality, his attitudes and characteristic. In this regards, his archives are “the sites of personality”. These archives, for Hazeu, are the representative of Hazeu himself to the public, apart from his position which was under the colonial government. Through archives, he wanted to give his evidences to convince the archives’ users on his actions.

Personal archives mainly record the roles and activities of their creators when they were still alive and active in certain position in an organization. Usually these people, like Hazeu, were important figures who held prominent positions in the government. These archives collections are kept under fonds and certainly often reflect the recorded evidence of the functions of the creator (Hobbs, 2001:126). Thus, the archives reflect the personality and depend on the personal feelings of the creators. Catherine Hobbs explains that reading personal archive is not like doing a formal investigation from a witness (Hobbs, 2001:132). It is not like questioning the witness in a court, where he/she will tell the story in a formal way. It is more like a hearing his/her stories as a psychiatrist from a patient (Hobbs, 2001: 132). Readers are not expected to look for evidence of actions or facts in an historical sense. In reading the archives, readers need to pay attention to three aspects of personality of the creator, namely, a sense of feelings, of relationships, and of character (Hobbs, 2001:133). These three aspects of the personal archives are used as the framework of research for this paper.

In this paper, I would like identify how Hazeu recorded Garut Affairs by analyzing the aspect of a sense of feelings, of relationships and of character of Hazeu in the affairs.

The big question that is going to be answered in this article is:

How did Hazeu record, keep and picture the Garut affairs in his personal archives?

Can we use Hazeu record as the main source for a research?

Based on the questions, I would like to focus on archival research in order to answer the question. This paper will try to answer the questions based on the archives and literatures. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section conveys the introduction which contains the information of the personal archives of Hazeu, theoretical frameworks, methodology, research questions and literature reviews. The second section describes the content of research and analysis which is done through archival and literature analysis. The last section describes the research conclusion.

In this research, I will investigate and analyze the documents and archives written and collected by Hazeu which are kept in the collection of Hazeu in the KITLV, Leiden, and inventory number H 1083.36, in order to answer the research question. The archives collection of Hazeu regarding Garut affairs consist of reports of Hazeu (including his research, analysis and conclusion) to Governor General, reports of Director of Binnenlandsch Bestuur, reports of Volksraad meeting regarding Garut incident, a report from Regent Garut and Wedono, and hundreds of clippings of articles from various newspapers (mostly from local newspapers). Since the clippings of articles in the archives are only from local newspapers, I also analyze the articles from newspapers which were not kept in the personal archives of Hazeu in order to see the different perspectives of the case. These information and evidences are analyzed carefully in order to investigate the case and then they are compared with the secondary literatures to obtain an accurate assessment of relationships, patterns, symbols, and possible contradictions of the case.

Garut affairs related to the role of Hazeu as the advisor of the Office of Native Affairs and the Sarekat Islam organization in the Netherlands East Indies. However, there have been very limited researches on Godard Aren Johannes Hazeu and his roles as the advisor of the Native Affairs; especially that focuses on his personal archives. It would be useful to understand Hazeu’s view and his position in Garut affairs in his personal archives to build historical narratives on the conflict inside the colonial administration and how it was represented in the archives.

One of the researches on Hazeu was done by L. de Hoop, titled “DR. GAJ Hazeu, Ethicist and Educational Reformer: A Case Study of Educational Politics in the Netherlands East Indies (1906-1920). It discussed on the role of Hazeu as the advisor of the Office of Native Affairs and Directeur Onderwijs en Eerediensten te Batavia (Hoop, 1992:2). This research discussed on Hazeu and his roles and policies, including his relations with other officials in the government from early period of his service in 1906 until 1920. Although this research mostly focused on Hazeu’s roles as the advisor of the Native Affairs, but it did not discuss intensively on the personal archives of Hazeu.

 A book, entitled Politik Islam Hindia Belanda: Het Kantoor voor Inlandsche Zaken, by Aqib Suminto, 1985, described the organization as Kantor Agama (Religious Office) and it conducted colonial Islamic policy in the Netherlands East Indies from period 1899 until 1940s (Kumar, 1990:178-180). This book described the role of the Office of Native Affairs and its advisors; one of them was Hazeu. This book discussed Hazeu’s role as the second advisor of the Office of Native Affairs, but it does not focus on the personal archives of Hazeu. Although the book uses some of the sources from Hazeu’s personal archives, but it does not explicitly analyze the content and information kept in the archives.

In order to develop a good research on Hazeu and Garut affairs, these literatures will be the general foundations. The combination of these literatures forms the framework of my research to unravel the personal archives of Hazeu.

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Garut Affairs, 1919

Garut Affairs, 1919 was one of the biggest cases that Hazeu had to deal with as the advisor of the Office of Native Affairs. The personal archives of Hazeu preserve huge amount of documents that relate to the affairs. In order to unravel what is inside the archives, the affairs is taken as the background subject of this paper.

During Hazeu’s last year as the advisor, there was an awful violent on July 7, 1919 in Garut. This occurred when the police killed a number of people (Hajji Hasan and his followers) in Garut who had barricaded themselves in a house after refusing to sell rice in cheaper price to the government. The incident had killed four men and nineteen people were wounded and taken to a hospital (Steenbrink, 1993:95). However, Hazeu as the person who was in charge to do the investigation by the Governor General condemned the action of the police as wrong (Guide and Concordance to Papers of Colonial Advisers on Politics, Culture and Religion in the Netherlands Indies, 2009:5). In his report he concluded that it was the police and the officers from Binnenlandsch Bestuur who were responsible for the violent.

The report triggered the commotion among the natives. Most of them were angry to the government and urged the government to apologize.  The commotion then became the topic that was discussed in the meeting of Volksraad (a parliament which consisted of 38 representatives of the people in the Netherlands East Indies) on July 14, 1919 (Handelingen van den Volksraad, 1919:542). The report from Hazeu, the Police and the Binnenlandsch Bestuur were openly discussed with the witnesses (including the police who shot the natives in Garut). The meeting resulted in a disappointment for the most natives and Hazeu. The commission decided that Hazeu’s report did not attach much value to the members of the commission and that Hajji Hasan was a threat for the colonial government (Het Nieuws van Den Dag, 1919). Thus, the police action was considered as a relevant action. Having deeply disappointed by the result, Hazeu chose to retire from his position as an adviser and departed to Leiden with broken heart (Steenbrink, 1993: 95-96).

 

Picture 3. Report from Hazeu on Garut Case (Hazeu Colletie, H1083: 36 Hazeu letter to Governor General, 29 August 1919)

In his report Hazeu argued that:

            “Hajji Hasan had merely been trying to defend his land from being expropriated by the Wedono (the local ruler in Garut), who was supported by the Regent. It is recommended that the native officials involved in the attack be discharged and that their European supervisors, particularly J.L.Kal, the Assistant Resident who had given an order that caused the accident of killing the villagers, to be dismissed for their improper orders” (Hazeu Collectie, H1083, Inv. Nr. 36, Hazeu letter to Governor General, 29 August 1919).

The report from Hazeu was sent to the Governor General Van Limburg as a part of his completion task as the advisor of the Native Affairs. The report shows the relationship between Hazeu and other colonial officers who dealt with the affairs. It seems from the report that Hazeu had disagreement with other colonial officers in the affairs.

Hazeu’s report on August 29, 1919, was encountered by a report that came from the Director of Binnenlandsch Bestuur, F.L. Broekveldt:

            “Hazeu only summarized the opinions of “a few journalist”. I refused the idea of giving sanctions to the Wedono and Regents and it was ultimately decided to save face by reserving punishment for the surviving followers of Hajji Hasan” (Hazeu Collectie, H1083, Inv. Nr. 36, Hazeu, Letter of Director of Binnenlandsch Bestuur to Governor General on November 10, 1919).

Broekveldt refused Hazeu’s report by accusing him as an adviser that took conclusions based on the articles of newspapers that support him. Based on the accusation, I tried to check carefully on the achives. In the archives, I found out that there are huge amount of articles of newspapers, however, none of these articles blamed Hazeu and his report. On the contrary, I found some articles in the newspapers regarding Garut affairs which supported the Wedana and the Police.

 

Picture 4. Article on Garut Affairs and Hazeu’s report (De Preangrbode, 1919).

Picture 4 is one of the examples of an article that explicitly blamed Hazeu and supported the actions conducted by the Wedana in dealing with Hajji Hassan and his people. In the article, the journalist wrote that if the police and Wedana would not have killed Hajji Hassan and his people, they would have been murdered by Hajji Hassan and his people because they found many guns in their houses.

In response to Broekveldt, in his archives, Hazeu reported that he tried to gather the evidences by doing a research directly in Garut but failed to ask the testimonies from the witnesses because they were threatened by the Police.

“I stayed a few days in Garut and I found out that all witnesses had reported to me were being investigated and threatened by the Police. As a result no one was willing to give me any single information” (Hazeu Collectie, H1083, Inv. Nr. 36, Hazeu, Report of Hazeu to Governor General: 71-72).

This report of Hazeu was conveyed directly to the Governor General. Unfortunately, nobody at that time was allowed to see the report because Hazeu was the high official who was directly under the Governor General. All reports and correspondences between him and the Governor General were confidential. There is no other letter or report that responded Hazeu’s letter. I might conclude that Hazeu’s report on the witness was true. However, the problem that appeared was that there was no outsider, including the public that knew about this. Although Hazeu did not make full mistake on his report, still, most colonial officers considered him making false accusations.

In his report Hazeu concluded that according to his trusted sources (from farmers and religious leaders in Garut) the whole affair was a proof of the corruption and abuse of power by both European and native officials (Steenbrink, 1993:95-96).

In the meantime, the regent of Garut gave a solid proof regarding this by showing the facts that Garut affairs was related to Afdeeling B which was related to Sarekat Islam. From the report, which was also in Hazeu’s archives, he showed some statement letters from the leaders of Sarekat Islam in Ciawi, Bandung, Cianjur and Sumedang were under coordination of Afdeeling B (Hazeu Collectie H1083, Inv. Nr. 36, De Locomotief, 30 July 1919).

The evidence of the relation between Sarekat Islam and Afdeeling B, however, was encountered by the letter from a secretary of Sarekat Islam Tarogong to Hazeu. In the letter, he admitted that he was forced to sign the letter because he was under threatened by the police to put in a prison if he did not sign it (Hazeu Collectie H1083, Inv. Nr. 36, Letter Wignyadisastra to Hazeu on August 18, 1919). Besides that, in the file documents of Hazeu (it seems that Hazeu collected all these news by himself), there are extensive clippings from newspapers such as De Soerabajaasch Handelsblad, Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, Neratja, etc. The news was on the testimonies from one of the families of Hajji Hasan that said the Lurah van Tjikendal (head of village) was lying by saying that inside the house of Hajji Hasan there were many weapons and white cloaks-the clothes for the men to do a war with the Dutch (Hazeu Collectie H1083, Inv. Nr. 36, Soerabaasch Handelsblad 27 January 1920).

The next occurrences that happened were that the situation became worse for both Hazeu and Sarekat Islam. There were more evidences; all were recorded in the archives that accused Hazeu and Sarekat Islam. Realizing his position, Hazeu retired from the office of Native Affairs and the drama of Garut Affairs ended in 1920.

How to capture “personality” is the key in analyzing the personal archives as the source of research (Hobbs, 2001:134). The personality is another form to reflect the character which led him or her to be driven to make the choices when creating the archives. How was the personal archives of Hazeu recorded Garut Incident? The personal documents of Hazeu give the readers some detail information regarding the case of Garut in a chronological order. The chronological order pictures the character of Hazeu as the creator of the archives. As the important figure in both natives and colonial government, he had to be the connector of the natives and colonial government. As the connector, he tried to build good relationship with the natives. He made his focus to mainly gain trust from them. By having their trusts, these natives could be controlled by the colonial government. However, his efforts were not supported by European officers in the government. It seems for me that Hazeu only tried hard to develop good relationship only with the natives, whereas for the government, he even accused the officers from Binnenlandsch Bestuur for the Garut affairs.    

There are copies of reports from Hazeu to the Governor General regarding the case and also the recommendations from Hazeu for the regent of Garut to be dismissed from his position. These documents are geheim (confidential) and nobody including other officials in the government could see the report. This shows Hazeu’s efforts in keeping these documents as one of his best efforts to give evidences to the readers that he was not guilty. At that time, there was no other way to convince public that he was not guilty. Keeping these documents as long as possible was the only efforts that he could do to prove that he did not make huge mistakes to the government.

From the clippings of newspapers, it was obvious that he gained big support from the natives in the incident. In his archives, Hazeu only kept the articles which supported him and his reports. On the one hands, the government also tried to use their power to cover everything, by using their power to cover every aspects from his reports in confidential manner. Thus, Hazeu’s position in the government was more critical. Everybody in the government, especially the European officers blamed him for being too subjective to the natives. Based on the archives, it can be seen that neither the authorities nor the governor general Van Limburg Stirum accepted the results of Hazeu’s investigation. Hazeu did not like this situation, so he tried to collect all of the details of his reports only for the articles that support him.

Through his personal archives, Hazeu wanted to show the arrogance of the European officers in the government who always considered all natives as criminals without exceptions and at the same time to obtain support from the readers on his position in Garut case. He wanted to tell the readers that he was actually revealing the truth and he was supported by the natives through the clippings of articles in his files. As Catherine Hobbs argued that the fonds of an individual archive is a site where personality and the events of life interact in documentary form (Hobbs, 2001:126). The extensive clipping of news from various newspapers that criticized Hazeu and his point of view on Garut are the documentaries of his situation in which he was alone against those Europeans. He was disgraced not only by the governor general Van Limburg, but also from the witnesses at the Volksraad meeting. He did not have a chance to prove himself that what he reported was the facts that he found in Garut. Through his personal archives he wanted to share his feelings, attitudes, and regrets on the case. He expected that the readers would have the same feeling him.

CONCLUSION

The drama of Garut was mainly connected with the personal experience of Hazeu. The experience was then transcribed in his personal archives together with his personal feelings, thoughts and touches. The archives then do not only contain single information but also they were mixed with what Verne Harris argued as “indelible metaphor”(personal touches of the creators). In Garut case, the readers have to put themselves as the objective viewers. They have to see not only from the perspective of Hazeu but from other perspectives such as the perspective of the colonial government or the related European officers.

From the archives, we can see that there were some internal disagreements in the organizational body of the colonial government. The archives depict the ways the higher ups dealt with this disagreement, and described why many disagreements took place inside. Besides that, Hazeu’s archives preserve, catalogue, record and present slivers of information on the relationship between the natives and the colonial government. All these slivers of information need to be analyzed, evaluated and studied carefully in order to be used as the source of research. They needed to be analyzed and evaluated because they contain biases and many interpretations. It is the task for us as the readers to select the biases by analyzing the character and personality of Hazeu as the creator, use his interpretation carefully in order to build historical narratives on this event. It is from the finding, as a researcher we need to be careful in using the personal archives as our sources. Personal archives are indeed important sources but we have to be carefully on the information written inside.

Archives preserve different kinds of perspectives of the creators. This we can see from the personal archives of Hazeu. Although these archives mostly contain the perspective of Hazeu to defend himself that he was not guilty on the Garut case, but they also keep the perspectives of the colonial officers that were against Hazeu. Through these different perspectives, as a reader, a researcher, we can dig up more deeply on the situation that happened at that time. We can picture what happened inside the body of the mighty colonial government of the Netherlands at that time. Through archives, we can find that there were so many disagreements. What we can take from the situation is that even a mighty colonial government, like Netherlands East Indies, had so many disputes in governing the country. The politicians, researchers, and authorities might take these disputes and how they were solved as samples in managing their own countries. This is what is called preserving the past for the future. By preserving the archives, we can grab the information from the past in the archives, learn the information and use them for the future.  

Although these personal archives contain personal perspective of Hazeu, we may be able to see the system of bureaucracy in the colonial government and also the link of communication between Hazeu and other officers in different agencies. From the documents of reports, for example, there was a link of bureaucracy that was shown from the reports which were passed through from the witness to Hazeu and then it ended in the Governor General. It was a real picture of the web of bureaucracy in the Netherlands East Indies in the early of the 20^th century. Thus, these personal archives might be used as the alternative sources of research regarding the system of bureaucracy of Indonesia in the early period of 20^th century.

When reading personal archives as the reliable sources of research, we have to bear in mind on their reflections. There is an intimacy in the personal archives not present in the collective, corporate archives which are formalized in the record-keeping system. These intimate elements are reflected not only in the content and organization of personal records, but come into play in the archivist’s direct interaction with the creator/donor during appraisal, acquisition, and subsequent management of personal archives. (Hobbs, 2001: 127)

In the case of the personal collection of Hazeu, the experiences recorded in the archival material include not just the acts and facts about his activities, but also his views, opinions, prejudices and emotional reactions concerning the publications of their works in media, opinions from their counterparts and the amount of work that they did are the intimacy points in their personal archives. Catherine Hobbs (2001: 127) argued that the fonds of an individual archive is a site where personality and the events of life interact in documentary form. These matters uncover much about the evolving personality and character traits of the advisors. Thus, as researchers, we have to pay attention on those points. They might play as the biases in the archives which could distort our perception. Nevertheless, besides serving as biases, these points also might reflect the psychological situation at that time. By reading these personal archives, we can feel the nuances of the time period in which the archives were created. This might be useful for developing our perspectives in building historical narratives.  

In conclusion I find it very interesting to analyze what Hazeu kept in his archives. He kept all his pain and sorrow in his own personal files with the hope that someday in the future other people will read them and share similar feelings with him. Through his personal archives, Hazeu showed himself as “the real me”. These archives seem to say “it is me who is in sorrow; let me share you my sadness so that you can feel what I feel.” I would like to conclude this article by using the quote:

“Never underestimate the pain of a person because in all honesty, everyone hurts, some people just hide it better than others”(https://www.pinterest.com/pin/244038873530457517/)

REFERENCES

Primary Sources

De Sumatra Post, “Het Gebeurde te Leles”, no. 68, July 16, 1919

Handelingen van den Volksraad, 1919, Ie GZ

Hazeu Collectie H1083. Inv. Nr. 36:  

Soerabajaasch Handelsblad, July 28, 1919

                Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, August 5, 1919

                Soerabaasch Handelsblad, January 27, 1920

                Letter Wignyadisastra to Hazeu on August 18, 1919

                De Locomotief, July 30, 1919

                Hazeu letter to Governor General, August 29, 1919

                Letter of Director of Binnenlandsch Bestuur to Governor General on November 10, 1919

                Neratja July 9, July 14, August 11, 1919

Het Nieuws van Den Dag. “Derde Blad and Vierde Blad, Najaarszitting van den Volksraad”, 25 November 1919 no. 275

Preanger Bode, “Het Rapport Hazeu”, 18 November 1919, no. 317

Regeringsalmanak van Nederlandsch Indie,1907

Secondary Sources

Blouin, Francis Jr. and William Rosenberg (eds.), Archives, Documentation and Institutions of Social Memory, Essays from the Sawyer Seminar, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2005

Cox, Richard J, 2014, Personal Archives and a New Archival Calling, Readings, Reflections and Ruminations, Duluth: Litwins Books

Guide and Concordance to Papers of Colonial Advisers on Politics, Culture and Religion in the Netherlands Indies, c. 1895-1949 Part 1, 2009, Papers of Godard Arend Johannes Hazeu (1870-1929), period 1895-1929, Leiden: KITLV

Harris, Verne, 2002, “The Archival Sliver: Power, Memory, and Archives in South Africa”, Archival Science 2

Hobbs, Chaterine, 2001, “Personal Archives the Character of Personal Archives: Reflections on the Value of the Records of Individuals”, Journal of Archivaria, no. 1 (52)

de Hoop, L,  1992, “DR. GAJ Hazeu, Ethicist and Educational Reformer: A Case Study of Educational Politics in the Netherlands East Indies (1906-1920)”, PhD Thesis, Leiden University

Ketelaar, Eric, 2005, “Recordkeeping and Societal power” in Sue McKemmish et al. (eds) Archives, recordkeeping in Society, Wagga-Wagga

Kumar, Ann, 1990, “Book Review on Politik Islam Hindia Belanda: Het Kantoor voor Inlandsche Zaken, By Aqib Suminto,  Jakarta: LP3ES. 1985”, In Journal of Southeast Asian Studies XXI, I

Laffan, Michael, 2011, The Making of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of A Sufi Past, New Jersey: Princeton University Press

Muller, Feith and Fruin, Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives, translated by Arthur H. Leavit, New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1968

Steenbrink, Karel, 1993, Dutch Colonialism and Indonesian Islam: Contact and Conflicts 1596-1950, translated by Jan Steenbrink and Henry Jansen, Amsterdam-Atlanta:Rodopi B.V

Suminto, Aqib, 1985. Politik Islam Hindia Belanda: Het Kantoor voor Inlansche Zaken, Jakarta: LP3S

Online Sources

www.jstor.org/stable/2928658

www.delpher.nl

http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/archives

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/244038873530457517/

http://research.library.gsu.edu/archivalresearch

http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/methodology

http://www.ccs.neu.edu/course/is4800sp12/resources/qualmethods.pdf