DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGES IN INDONESIA
According
to the 2.452 DP data analysis that had been used as a study sample, there are
about 652 languages that have been identified (the amount does not include the
Indonesian language as the official language of the nation). These 652
languages consist of the number of 650 for the local languages and two
immigrant languages. The immigrant languages are from outside Indonesia, and they
are used by the immigrant communities in several generations. These languages
are spoken in various regions in Indonesia. The two immigrant languages that
are found in the regions are, Mandarin in the Province of Jakarta, and Mandarin
Ampenan in Nusa Tenggara Barat.
There
are some local languages that spread out in various areas; consequently, these
languages are found in more than one region. Javanese language is one the
example. We can find Javanese language not only is Javanese island, but also it
is spoken in Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Nusa Tenggara Barat. The
following sections are descriptions of languages in every region. It starts
from the identification of languages in Sumatra to Papua. Some languages are
spread in eight regions which include 34 provinces. The eight regions are (1)
Sumatra: 26 languages, (2) Java and Bali: 10 languages, (3) Kalimantan: 57
languages, (4) Sulawesi: 58 languages, (5) Nusa Tenggara Barat: 11 languages,
(6) Nusa Tenggara Timur: 68 languages, (7) Maluku: 66 languages, and (8) Papua:
384 languages.
2.1. The Languages
in Sumatra
The data
collected by 538 DP in Sumatra is used as samples for this research. Based on
the data analysis, there are 26 languages in Sumatra, namely, the Acehnese,
Devayan, Gayo, Sigulai, Bataknese, Malay, Minangkabau, Nias, Mentawai, Bajau
Tungkal Satu, Kerinci, Kayu Agung, Komering, Lematang, Ogan, Pedamaran,
Bengkulu, Enggano, Rejang, Basemah, Lampung, Javanese, Sundanese, Bugis,
Banjar, and Balinese languages. These languages are spoken in the Provinces of Aceh,
Sumatra Utara, Sumatra Selatan, Riau, Jambi, Sumatra Selatan, Bengkulu,
Lampung, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, and Kepulauan Riau. Apart from those 26
languages, there are five other languages from other regions. The five
languages are Bugis, Banjar, Balinese, Javanese, and Sundanese languages.
2.1.1 The
Province of Aceh
There are
seven languages in the Province of Aceh, namely, the Acehnese, Batak, Devayan,
Gayo, Sigulai, Javanese, and Minangkabau languages. The Batak, Javanese, and
Minangkabau languages come from other provinces. The seven languages are
described as follows.
2.1.1.1 The Acehnese
Language
The Acehnese
language is spoken in the coastal area of the Province of Aceh which lies from
the Strait of Malacca to the west coast that faces the Indian Ocean. Generally, the language of Aceh is spoken in
the City of Langsa, the District of Aceh Utara, the City of Lhokseumawe, the
District of Bireun, the District of Pidie Jaya, the District of Pidie, the
District of Aceh Besar, the City of Banda Aceh, and also in the area of the City
of Sabang. For some of the population that also speak of the language are in
the Sub-District of Aceh Timur, exactly in the area of the Sub District of Simpang
Ulim, Aceh Barat exactly in the Sub-District of Jaya, Aceh Selatan, Aceh Jaya,
Aceh Singkil, Aceh Barat Daya, and Nagan Raya.
The
Acehnese language consists of three dialects, namely (1) the dialect of Baet
Lambuot, (2) the dialect of Mesjid Punteut, and (3) the dialect of Panthe Ketapang.
The dialect of Baet Lambuot is spoken in the District of Aceh Besar with
several sub-dialects. The dialect of Mesjid Punteut is spoken in the area of
the Sub-District of Simpang Ulim, the District of Aceh Timur. The dialect of Panthe
Ketapang is spoken in the District of Jaya, the area of western part of Aceh that
is surrounded by the sub-dialects of Baet Lambuot.
According
to the calculation of dialectrometry, the percentage of differences between the
dialect of Mesjid Punteut and the dialect of Panthe Ketapang is about 54%, between
the dialect of Baet Lambuot and the dialect of Mesjid Punteut is about 51%, and
between the dialect of Baet Lambuot and the dialect of Panthe Ketapang is about
51%. The Isolek Aceh is a language with a percentage of difference at about 81%—
100 % if it is compared with the languages of Gayo, Devayan, and Sigulai.
2.1.1.2 The
Bataknese Language
The
Bataknese language is spoken in the Village of Kampung Baru, Sub-District of
Badar, Village of Pulo Sepang, Sub-District of Lawe Alas, Village of Kampung
Melayu Gabungan, Village of Babussalam, Village of Lawe Sigala Barat, Sub-District
of Lawe Sigala-Gala, District of Aceh Tenggara; Village Krueng Kluet, Sub-District
of Kluet Utara and Village of Durian Kawan, Sub-District of Kluet Timur, Aceh
Selatan; Aceh Singkil; Simeulu, and Village of Penanggalan, Sub-District of
Penanggalan, City of Subulussalam. The Bataknese language in the Province of Aceh
consists of five dialects, namely (1) the dialect of Alas which is spoken by the
people in the Village of Kampung Baru, Sub-District of Badar, Sub-District of
Aceh Tenggara and Village of Pulo Sepang, Sub-District of Lawe Alas, Sub-District
of Aceh Tenggara, (2) the dialect of Angkola which is spoken by the people in
the Village of Kampung Melayu Gabungan, Sub-District of Babussalam, District of
Aceh Tenggara, (3) the dialect of Mandailing which is spoken by the people in
the Village of Lawe Sigala Barat, Sub-District of Lawe Sigala-Gala, District of
Aceh Tenggara, (4) the dialect of Kluet is spoken by the people in the Village
of Krueng Kluet, Sub-District of Kluet Utara and the Village of Durian Kawan, Sub-District
of Kluet Timur, District of Aceh Selatan dan (5) the dialect of Dairi is spoken
by the people in the Village of Penanggalan, Sub-District of Penanggalan, City
of Subulussalam.
According
to the dialectrometry calculation, the percentage of difference of those five
dialects is approximately 51%—80%. The percentage of difference of the
Bataknese language and other languages in surrounding areas are about 81%—100%,
for example, the Acehnese, Devayan,
Sigulai and Gayo languages.
2.1.1.3 The Devayan
Language
the Devayan
language is spoken in the Village of Teluk Nibung, Sub-District of Pulau
Banyak, District of Aceh Singkil (formation of new District in the District of Aceh
Selatan) and in the Sub-District of Simeulue Timur, District of Simeulue, the
Province of Aceh. The Devayan language consists of two dialects, namely, (1) the
dialect of Singkil Pulo which is spoken by the people in the Village of Teluk
Nibung, Sub-District of Pulau Banyak, District of Aceh Singkil and (2) the dialect
of Lugu, which is spoken by the people in the Sub-District of Simeulue Timur, the
Island of Simeulue, is next to the Sigulai language in Ujung Barat.
According
to the dialectrometry calculation, the percentage of difference between the
dialect of Pulo and Lugu is about 51%—80%. Isolek Devayan is a language with
percentage of difference is about 82,75% if it is compared with the Sigulai,
Gayo, and Acehnese languages.
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